Tag: estrogen

Long COVID, POTS, CFS and MTHFR: Linked by Biochemistry and Nutrition

Abstract:

The recent pandemic has energized research spotlighting chronic fatigue disorders. The similarities between Long COVID (LC) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), often accompanied by postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) are striking.

Furthermore, the majority afflicted with LC and CFS may be those with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms, present in the majority of Americans and characterized by hypomethylation. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and depressed B9 and B12 may be links. Speculation about an association between these laboratory analytes and MTHFR abnormalities has been previously reported (Regland et al., 2015).

The absence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) in CNS circumventricular organs (CVOs) that control autonomic and neuroendocrine functions, problematic in LC, CFS, POTS, and MTHFR, is provocative. Diffusion of CNS Hcy is associated with brain fog, cognitive impairment, and dementia. This provides a distinct link between MTHFR variants and the fog of LC, CFS, and POTS.

Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), present in about 17% of Americans, is linked to POTS, mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS). All exhibit histamine intolerance and female predominance. This may be due to hypomethylation and/or intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) deficiency.

Metabolism of monoamines and histamine requires methylation. Specific CNS nuclei in CVOs may also provide insight to the POTS paradox. The similar gut microbiomes of LC/CFS (and vitamin D deficiency) may via CVOs trigger an imbalance in glutamate/GABA neurotransmission that translates to neuroendocrine and baroreflex dysfunction. Homozygosity for the MTHFR 677T allele can facilitate hypermethylation via an alternative “rescue” riboflavin pathway triggered by significant Hcy increase.

Hypermethylation predominates in Long Covid. The primary problem in these syndromes is compromised mitochondrial function due to oxidative stress induced by an antioxidant shortfall.

Victims are also frequently deficient in 25(OH)D3 (the storage form of vitamin D), magnesium, and B vitamins, consumed by the persistent chronic inflammatory state. Estrogen increases histamine, norepinephrine, and bradykinin (BKN), which may in part explain the brain fog and its predilection for females.

Source: Patrick W Chambers. Long COVID, POTS, CFS and MTHFR: Linked by Biochemistry and Nutrition. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. 38. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373073968_Long_Covid_POTS_CFS_and_MTHFR_Linked_by_Biochemistry_and_Nutrition#fullTextFileContent (Full text)

Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease

Abstract:

Brain fog with compromised ability to concentrate has been the most frequent Long Covid (LC) complaint. This is due to an increased TGF beta/IFN gamma with consequently increased bradykinin (BKN), especially in Caucasian females. Brain and lung blood vessels “leak.” This same ratio is increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but decreased in Parkinson’s disease (PD), because CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are differentially affected by the invading associated viruses, e.g., SARS CoV2, HIV, ….

In Covid-19 CD147 receptors on immune cells are critical in generating the increased TGF beta/IFN gamma and those on endothelial cells, platelets, and erythrocytes are critical to the abnormal microvascular blood flow. ACE2 receptors on pneumocytes and enterocytes enable pulmonary and GI entry, initiating gut dysbiosis.

Epigenetics, methylation, magnesium, vitamin D, the B vitamins, and antioxidants suggest that these issues can be surmounted. Biochemical, physiologic, and epidemiologic data are analyzed to answer these questions. An LC model is presented and discussed in the context of the most recent research. Suggestions to avoid these and other worrisome concerns are included. Other topics discussed include estrogen, the gut microbiome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and homocysteine.

Source: Chambers, P. Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease. Preprints 2023, 2023020027 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202302.0027.v1) https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202302.0027/v1 (Full text available as PDF file)

 

Long COVID: an estrogen-associated autoimmune disease?

Introduction:

Some people who have had severe to a moderate or mild form of COVID-19 disease may suffer from variable and debilitating symptoms for many months after the initial infection. This condition is commonly called “Long COVID”. An exact definition is missing, but symptoms with a duration of more than 2 months are typically considered as Long COVID. The condition is characterized by long-term sequelae and can involve a range of symptoms such as persistent fatigue, headache, shortness of breath, anosmia, muscle weakness, fever, cognitive dysfunction (brain fog), tachycardia, intestinal disorders, and skin manifestations. Long COVID syndrome bears a similarity to the post-infectious syndromes that followed the outbreaks of chikungunya and Ebola.

In general, women appear to be twice as likely to develop Long COVID as men, but only until around age 60, when the risk level becomes similar. In addition to being a woman, older age and a higher body mass index also seem to be risk factors for having Long COVID.

Source: Ortona E, Buonsenso D, Carfi A, Malorni W; Long Covid Kids study group. Long COVID: an estrogen-associated autoimmune disease? Cell Death Discov. 2021 Apr 13;7(1):77. doi: 10.1038/s41420-021-00464-6. PMID: 33850105; PMCID: PMC8042352.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8042352/ (Full text)

Study on the active components and mechanism of Suanzaoren decoction in improving cognitive impairment caused by sleep deprivation

Abstract:

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD) is a traditional and classic prescription for the treatment of insomnia, with a history of more than 1,000 years. It replenishes blood components, calms the nerves, reduces fever and irritability. It is commonly used in the clinical treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, cardiac neurosis, and menopausal syndromes. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that it improves cognitive impairment; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear.

Aim of the study: This study preliminarily investigated the potential bioactive components and mechanism of SZRD in improving cognitive impairment by exploring network pharmacology, molecular docking, and conducting in vivo experiments.

Materials and methods: The components of various Chinese herbs in SZRD and their disease-related targets were identified through network pharmacology and literature. Gene ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of intersection targets were performed using the relevant database. Next, the “Components-Targets-Pathways” (C-T-P) and “Protein-Protein interaction” networks were constructed using the enrichment analysis results to further identify potential pathways, bioactive components, and hub genes. At the same time, molecular docking was used to further distinguish the key bioactive components and genes of SZRD responsible for improving cognitive impairment. Finally, the potential mechanism of action was further analysed and verified using in vivo experiments.

Results: A total of 117 potential active components and 138 intersection targets were identified by network pharmacology screening. The key bioactive components, including calycosin, 5-Prenylbutein, licochalcone G, glypallichalcone, and ZINC189892, were identified by analysing the networks and molecular docking results. Hub genes included ACHE, CYP19A1, EGFR, ESR1, and ESR2. The oestrogen signalling pathway was the most important in the enrichment analysis. In vivo experiments further proved that SZRD could improve cognitive impairment by affecting the oestrogen signalling pathway and the expression of ACHE and CYP19A1.

Conclusions: Network pharmacology and in vivo experiments demonstrate that SZRD improves cognitive impairment caused by sleep disturbance through estrogen receptor pathway, which provides a basis for its clinical application.

Source: Cheng L, Wang F, Li ZH, Wen C, Ding L, Zhang SB, You QY. Study on the active components and mechanism of Suanzaoren decoction in improving cognitive impairment caused by sleep deprivation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jun 28:115502. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115502. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35777606. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874122005414 (Full text)

Reduced levels of oestrogen receptor beta mRNA in Swedish patients with chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness with unknown aetiology and pathophysiology. The difference in incidence by sex observed for CFS indicates a role for oestrogen and oestrogen receptors in disease development. Furthermore, an immunomediated pathogenesis has been suggested for CFS, providing an additional connection to oestrogen, which displays immunomodular functions.

AIMS: To investigate a possible association of oestrogen receptor (ER) mRNAs and two ERbeta single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with CFS.

METHODS: Messenger RNA levels of ERalpha, ERbeta wt and ERbeta cx were investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 patients with CFS and 36 healthy controls by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Two ERbeta SNPs were scored in the same material.

RESULTS: The CFS group showed significantly lower mRNA expression levels of ERbeta wt compared with the healthy control group. No differences were observed for ERalpha or ERbeta cx between patients and controls. There were no significant differences in frequency for the investigated ERbeta SNPs between cases and controls.

CONCLUSIONS: The reduced ERbeta wt expression level observed in this study is consistent with an immune-mediated pathogenesis of CFS. Additionally, the observation that ERbeta wt expression is decreased in CFS could provide an entry point to identify interesting, potentially disease-causing, candidate molecules for further study. A possible connection between oestrogen, oestrogen receptors and CFS should be evaluated further.

 

Source: Gräns H, Nilsson M, Dahlman-Wright K, Evengård B. Reduced levels of oestrogen receptor beta mRNA in Swedish patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 2007 Feb;60(2):195-8. Epub 2006 May 26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860629/

 

The psychotherapeutic effects of estrogens

Abstract:

The effect of estrogens on the central nervous system, particularly mood and behavior, remains a controversial area which needs clarification, not just for understanding of depression in women but to ensure that such commonplace problems in women have efficient and appropriate therapy.

There is now good evidence that estrogens are rapidly effective in the treatment of depression in many women but this information has not found its way through to those health care personnel, psychiatrists and psychologists who are principally involved in the treatment of depression. There is also strong evidence for the benefits of estrogens on cognitive functioning, not only in preventing the onset of dementia but also in improving the symptoms in the established condition.

Recent work has also suggested a benefit for estrogens on mood in women diagnosed as suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome. This article reviews the effect of endogenous estrogen on the female central nervous system and the ever increasing evidence for the diverse psychotherapeutic effects of exogenous estrogens.

 

Source: Panay N, Studd JW. The psychotherapeutic effects of estrogens. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1998 Oct;12(5):353-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9859029

 

Reproductive correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract:

A case-control study was conducted to determine whether menstrual and gynecologic abnormalities precede the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS) in women with this disorder to a greater extent than that observed among healthy controls.

We identified 150 women who met the 1988 Centers for Disease Control criteria for CFS from the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Cooperative CFS Research Center. A comparison group of 149 women being seen for nongynecologic conditions were selected from the waiting area of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Internal Medicine outpatient department.

Women with and without CFS completed self-administered questionnaires on menstrual, reproductive, and medical history. Women with CFS reported increased gynecologic complications and a lower incidence of premenstrual symptomatology.

After adjustment for age, a somewhat greater number of cases compared with controls self-reported irregular cycles, periods of amenorrhea, and sporadic bleeding between menstrual periods. Factors suggestive of abnormal ovarian function–such as a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, hirsutism, and ovarian cysts–were reported more often in CFS cases compared with controls. Frequent anovulatory cycles due to ovarian hyperandrogenism (PCOS) or hyperprolactinemia may increase risk for CFS through loss of the potential immunomodulatory effects of progesterone in the presence of continued estrogen production.

We hypothesize that frequent anovulatory cycles due to PCOS and/or hyperprolactinemia may explain the increased reporting of gynecologic complications and the lower reported premenstrual symptomatology observed in women with CFS.

 

Source: Harlow BL, Signorello LB, Hall JE, Dailey C, Komaroff AL. Reproductive correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med. 1998 Sep 28;105(3A):94S-99S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9790489