Inflammatory proteins are altered in chronic fatigue syndrome-A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract:

Immune dysfunction has been posited as a key element in the aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) since the illness was first conceived. However, systematic reviews have yet to quantitatively synthesise inflammatory biomarkers across the literature. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify available data on circulating inflammatory proteins, examining studies recruiting patients with a CFS diagnosis and a non-affected control group. Results were meta-analysed from 42 studies.

Patients with CFS had significantly elevated tumour necrosis factor (ES = 0.274, p < 0.001), interleukin-2 (ES = 0.203, p = 0.006), interleukin-4 (ES = 0.373, p = 0.004), transforming growth factor-β (ES = 0.967, p < 0.001) and c-reactive protein (ES = 0.622, p = 0.019). 12 proteins did not differ between groups.

These data provide some support for an inflammatory component in CFS, although inconsistency of results indicates that inflammation is unlikely to be a primary feature in all those suffering from this disorder. It is hoped that further work will elucidate whether there are subgroups of patients with clinically-relevant inflammatory dysfunction, and whether inflammatory cytokines may provide a prognostic biomarker or moderate treatment effects.

Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Source: Strawbridge R, Sartor ML, Scott F, Cleare AJ. Inflammatory proteins are altered in chronic fatigue syndrome-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Aug 26;107:69-83. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.011. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31465778

Neurasthenia: Modern Malady or Historical Relic?

Abstract:

Neurasthenia was a popular diagnosis from 1869 through 1930. Despite being discarded, the core symptoms of neurasthenia can still be found throughout modern society. The present article reviews the symptoms, common course, proposed causes, and common treatments for neurasthenia. Similarities are seen in several familiar diagnoses, including depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia. Through reviewing the trends of neurasthenia, modern doctors may learn more about the subtleties of the diagnostic process, as well as the patient-physician relationship. The goal is to learn from the past as it relates to current problems that may be related to the stress of modern living. The history of neurasthenia is presented as it relates to problems that may remain today.

Source: Overholser JC, Beale EE. Neurasthenia: Modern Malady or Historical Relic? J Nerv Ment Dis. 2019 Sep;207(9):731-739. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000943. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31464984

Modern-Day Relics of Psychiatry

Abstract:

Constantly shifting cultural views influence public perceptions of psychiatric diagnoses, sometimes accommodated by changes in diagnostic terminology. Evolving scientific knowledge of the era is at times used to justify and support mental illnesses. Too often, however, remasked nomenclatures fail to alter social stigma, in part because political arguments are used. Scientific validations of variant behaviors as symptoms with a pathologic status are unfortunately overshadowed.

Examples of cultural bias effects on recurring diagnostic challenges illustrate a need for scientific validation. Renaming fails to improve stigma or diagnostic clarity. For example, neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion, was attributed to fast-paced urban life through the late 1970s. Its symptoms are now largely, to no real advantage, retitled as chronic fatigue syndrome. Diagnoses like “hysteria” have evolved into histrionic personality disorder and somatoform spectrum disorders, although less as a result of demonic possession or a “wandering uterus.” Decriminalized and depathologized homosexuality remains a political football, where religious “sin” conceptualizations have not been displaced by studies documenting healthy adjustments among groups with diverse sexual orientations and preferences.

Each of these remains severely socially stigmatized. The pseudoscience of “drapetomania,” once used to rationalize and pathologize a slave’s freedom, is perceived now as psychiatric incarcerations of mentally healthy individuals, more commonly in totalitarian regimes-a politicization of stigma. Research reviews and funding efforts need to emphasize a sound basis for individuals caught in perpetuated diagnostic challenges, not remedied by simple shifts in nomenclature.

Source: Tripathi S, Messias E, Spollen J, Salomon RM. Modern-Day Relics of Psychiatry. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2019 Sep;207(9):701-704. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001059. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31464983

Brain Responses in CFS and TMD to Autonomic Challenges: An Exploratory fMRI Study

Abstract:

INTRODUCTION: Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is seen in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Both conditions have poorly understood pathophysiology. Several brain structures that play a role in pain and fatigue, such as the insular cortex and basal ganglia, are also implicated in autonomic function.

OBJECTIVES: ANS dysfunction may point to common neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying the predominant symptoms for CFS and TMD. No studies to date have investigated the combination of both conditions. Thus, our aim was to test whether patients with CFS with or without TMD show differences in brain responses to autonomic challenges.

METHODS: In this exploratory functional imaging study, patients with CFS who screened positive for TMD (n = 26), patients who screened negative for TMD (n = 16), and age-matched control participants (n = 10) performed the Valsalva maneuver while in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. This maneuver is known to activate the ANS.

RESULTS: For all 3 groups, whole-brain F test showed increased brain activation during the maneuver in the superior and inferior frontal gyri, the left and right putamen and thalamus, and the insular cortex. Furthermore, group contrasts with small-volume correction showed that patients with CFS who screened positive for TMD showed greater activity in the left insular cortex as compared with patients who screened negative and in the left caudate nucleus as compared with controls.

CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that increased activity in the cortical and subcortical regions observed during autonomic challenges may be modulated by fatigue and pain. ANS dysfunction may be a contributing factor to these findings, and further work is required to tease apart the complex relationship among CFS, TMD, and autonomic functions.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: Brain activity related to activation of the autonomic nervous system in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome who screened positive for painful temporomandibular disorder was greater than in patients who screened negative; activity was seen in brain regions associated with autonomic functions and pain. These findings suggest that autonomic dysfunction may play a role in the pathophysiology of both conditions, explain some of the apparent comorbidity between them, and offer avenues to help with treatment.

Source: Vuong QC, Allison JR, Finkelmeyer A, Newton J, Durham J. Brain Responses in CFS and TMD to Autonomic Challenges: An Exploratory fMRI Study. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2019 Aug 28:2380084419872135. doi: 10.1177/2380084419872135. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31461628

A systematic review of cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis/systemic exertion intolerance disease (CFS/ME/SEID)

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Cytokines in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (CFS/ME/SEID) patients compared with healthy controls have been extensively studied. However, the evidence regarding whether a baseline difference between CFS/ME/SEID patients and the normal population remains unclear. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding cytokines in CFS/ME/SEID and whether there is a significant difference in cytokine levels between this patient group and the normal population.

METHODS: Pubmed, Scopus, Medline (EBSCOHost), and EMBASE databases were searched to source relevant studies for CFS/ME/SEID. The review included any studies examining cytokines in CFS/ME/SEID patients compared with healthy controls. Results of the literature search were summarised according to aspects of their study design and outcome measures, namely, cytokines. Quality assessment was also completed to summarise the level of evidence available.

RESULTS: A total of 16,702 publications were returned using our search terms. After screening of papers according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 studies were included in the review. All the included studies were observational case control studies. Ten of the studies identified measured serum cytokines in CFS/ME/SEID patients, and four measured cytokines in other physiological fluids of CFS/ME/SEID patients. The overall quality assessment revealed most papers included in this systematic review to be consistent.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite the availability of moderate quality studies, the findings of this review are inconclusive as to whether cytokines play any definitive role in CFS/ME/SEID, and consequently, they would not serve as reliable biomarkers. Therefore, in light of these results, it is recommended that further efforts toward a diagnostic test and treatment for CFS/ME/SEID continue to be developed in a range of research fields.

Source: Corbitt M, Eaton-Fitch N, Staines D, Cabanas H, Marshall-Gradisnik S. A systematic review of cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis/systemic exertion intolerance disease (CFS/ME/SEID). BMC Neurol. 2019 Aug 24;19(1):207. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1433-0. https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-019-1433-0 (Full article)

Book Review: Toxic by Dr. Neil Nathan Is a Must-Read!

This superb book by Dr. Neil Nathan is a must-read for anyone suffering from mold toxicity, Lyme disease, multiple chemical sensitivities, chronic environmental illness, fibromyalgia, or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. These difficult-to-treat diseases, which are often ignored or dismissed by mainstream medical practitioners, present a challenge to any physician, but it is a challenge that Dr. Nathan meets with in-depth knowledge, compassion, and common sense. In addition to the above diseases, Dr. Nathan also discusses the important role of mast cell activation, porphyria, and carbon monoxide, the three “elephants in the room.” His discussion of mast cell activation syndromes, which he finds in half of his patients suffering from unusual sensitivities, is particularly enlightening. He not only presents symptoms and signs to look for, but how MCAS is diagnosed and treated.

Dr. Nathan  brings his decades of experience to bear by explaining how toxins can interact to produce a multiplicity of disease states simultaneously. His clear and concise explanation for how environmental diseases become chronic is the best I have ever read. In some individuals, toxins are not eliminated through normal channels. Instead, the toxins, once they are attached to bile, are recycled, sent back to the liver when the bile is reabsorbed in the large intestine. This would account for why people with exposure to mold, for example, do not recover after a single course of treatment.

People with any of the illnesses covered in this book will be delighted to find detailed descriptions of how Dr. Nathan and other experts in this field treat these diseases. Not only does Dr. Nathan offer a treatment blueprint for each disease, he provides many additional resources, as well as direct commentary by expert physicians. His bottom line is that it is not enough to kill infections, or rely on strict avoidance. Toxins must be safely removed. The underlying theme, namely chronic inflammation, is addressed in this context. Dr. Nathan’s chapters on” rebooting” as a model for treatment and healing are a goldmine for people seeking an effective long-term treatment strategy.

One of the most valuable takeaways from this book is Dr. Nathan’s sensible approach. Dr. Nathan takes “First, do not harm” seriously. Patients with environmental illnesses can be exquisitely sensitive, which means treatments must be started at miniscule doses, and proceed slowly. If a patient feels worse, stop. Why insist that a patient “push through” if it only leads to increased symptoms? This is so sensible, and so obvious, I am left wondering why more physicians don’t adopt a more gradual approach to treating environmental diseases.

Dr. Nathan’s conversational writing style makes this book a pleasure to read, despite the complexity of the topic. He increases the accessibility to lay readers by including helpful diagrams and graphics that convey information visually, as well as side notes that neatly summarize points. This is a book to keep by your bedside. You will want to refer to it often.

Available on Amazon and Barnes&Noble.

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract:

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown aetiology that is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) as a disorder of the brain. The disease predominantly affects adults, with a peak age of onset of between 20 and 45 years with a female to male ratio of 3:1. Although the clinical features of the disease have been well established within diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of ME/CFS is still of exclusion, meaning that other medical conditions must be ruled out.

The pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear but the neuro-immuno-endocrinological pattern of CFS patients gleaned from various studies indicates that these three pillars may be the key point to understand the complexity of the disease. At the moment, there are no specific pharmacological therapies to treat the disease, but several studies’ aims and therapeutic approaches have been described in order to benefit patients’ prognosis, symptomatology relief, and the recovery of pre-existing function.

This review presents a pathophysiological approach to understanding the essential concepts of ME/CFS, with an emphasis on the population, clinical, and genetic concepts associated with ME/CFS.

Source: Cortes Rivera M, Mastronardi C, Silva-Aldana CT, Arcos-Burgos M, Lidbury BA. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2019 Aug 7;9(3). pii: E91. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics9030091. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31394725

Assessing cellular energy dysfunction in CFS/ME using a commercially available laboratory test

Abstract:

The mitochondrial energy score (MES) protocol, developed by the Myhill group, is marketed as a diagnostic test for chronic fatigue syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). This study assessed the reliability and reproducibility of the test, currently provided by private clinics, to assess its potential to be developed as an NHS accredited laboratory test.

We replicated the MES protocol using neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CFS/ME patients (10) and healthy controls (13). The protocol was then repeated in PBMCs and neutrophils from healthy controls to investigate the effect of delayed sample processing time used by the Myhill group.

Experiments using the established protocol showed no differences between CFS/ME patients and healthy controls in any of the components of the MES (p ≥ 0.059). Delaying blood sample processing by 24 hours (well within the 72 hour time frame quoted by the Myhill group) significantly altered many of the parameters used to calculate the MES in both neutrophils and PBMCs. The MES test does not have the reliability and reproducibility required of a diagnostic test and therefore should not currently be offered as a diagnostic test for CFS/ME. The differences observed by the Myhill group may be down to differences in sample processing time between cohorts.

Source: Tomas C, Lodge TA, Potter M, Elson JL, Newton JL, Morten KJ. Assessing cellular energy dysfunction in CFS/ME using a commercially available laboratory test. Sci Rep. 2019 Aug 7;9(1):11464. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47966-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31391529

Suggested pathology of systemic exertion intolerance disease: Impairment of the E3 subunit or crossover of swinging arms of the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex decreases regeneration of cofactor dihydrolipoic acid of the E2 subunit

Abstract:

Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has an unknown aetiology, with no known treatment and a prevalence of approximately 22 million individuals (2%) in Western countries. Although strongly suspected, the role of lactate in pathology is unknown, nor has the nature of the two most central symptoms of the condition – post exertional malaise and fatigue. The proposed mechanism of action of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays a central role in maintaining energy production with cofactors alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and its counterpart dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), its regeneration suggested as the new rate limiting factor.

Decreased DHLA regeneration due to impairment of the E3 subunit or crossover of the swinging arms of the E2 subunit of PDC have been suggested as a cause of ME/CFS/SEID resulting in instantaneous fluctuations in lactate levels and instantaneous offset of the DHLA/LA ratio and defining the condition as an LA deficiency with chronic instantaneous hyperlactataemia with explicit stratification of symptoms. While instantaneous hyperlactataemia has been suggested to account for the PEM, the fatigue was explained by the downregulated throughput of pyruvate and consequently lower production of ATP with the residual enzymatic efficacy of the E3 subunit or crossover of the E2 as a proposed explanation of the fatigue severity. Functional diagnostics and visualization of instantaneous elevations of lactate and DHLA has been suggested.

Novel treatment strategies have been implicated to compensate for chronic PDC impairment and hyperlactataemia. This hypothesis potentially influences the current understanding and treatment methods for any type of hyperlactataemia, fatigue, ME/CFS/SEID, and conditions associated with PDC impairment.

Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Source: Bohne VJB, Bohne Ø.Suggested pathology of systemic exertion intolerance disease: Impairment of the E3 subunit or crossover of swinging arms of the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex decreases regeneration of cofactor dihydrolipoic acid of the E2 subunit. Med Hypotheses. 2019 Sep;130:109260. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109260. Epub 2019 Jun 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31383326

Relationship satisfaction, communication self-efficacy, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related fatigue

Abstract:

RATIONALE: Relationship dissatisfaction has been linked with worse health outcomes in many patient populations, though the mechanism(s) underlying this effect are unclear. Among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and their partners, there is evidence for a bi-directional association between poorer relationship satisfaction and the severity of CFS-related fatigue.

OBJECTIVE: Here, we hypothesized that relationship dissatisfaction negatively impacts fatigue severity through greater depression and less patient satisfaction about communication about symptoms to partners.

METHOD: Baseline data were drawn from diagnosed CFS patients (N = 150) participating in a trial testing the efficacy of a stress management intervention. Data derived from fatigue severity (Fatigue Symptom Index, FSI), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression, CES-D), relationship quality (Dyadic Adjustment Scale, DAS) and communication satisfaction (Patient Symptom Disclosure Satisfaction, PSDS) questionnaires were used for bootstrapped indirect effect analyses using parallel mediation structural equation modeling in Mplus (v8). Age and BMI were entered as covariates.

RESULTS: Greater relationship satisfaction predicted greater communication satisfaction (p < 0.01) and lower CES-D scores (p < 0.01), which in turn were each significantly related to greater fatigue severity (p < 0.05). Tests of the indirect paths indicated that relationship satisfaction had a significant effect on fatigue severity through both constructs, but primarily via depression. There was no direct association between relationship satisfaction and fatigue severity after the intermediate variables (depression, communication satisfaction) were included in the model.

CONCLUSION: Results highlight the importance of considering depression and communication-related factors when examining the effects of relationship satisfaction on CFS symptoms such as fatigue. Further mechanism-based, longitudinal research might identify relationship-related mediating variables that can be targeted therapeutically.

Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Source: Milrad SF, Hall DL, Jutagir DR, Lattie EG, Czaja SJ, Perdomo DM, Ironson G, Doss BD, Mendez A, Fletcher MA, Klimas N, Antoni MH. Relationship satisfaction, communication self-efficacy, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related fatigue. Soc Sci Med. 2019 Jul 16;237:112392. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112392. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31377502