Autonomic dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome: comparing self-report and objective measures

Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have debilitating impacts on affected individuals. Core symptoms include post-exertional malaise, neurocognitive challenges, and sleep dysfunction [1]. Additionally, a significant minority of patients experience autonomic symptoms, including orthostatic intolerance, gastrointestinal disturbances, and circulation issues [2].

Several case definitions for ME and CFS require the presence of autonomic dysfunction for diagnosis [2], while other researchers have proposed an “autonomic dysfunction” subtype of ME and CFS [3]. Identifying the appropriate measures of autonomic symptomatology for individuals with ME and CFS will further contribute to understanding the role of the autonomic system in this illness.

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Source: Kemp J, Sunnquist M, Jason LA, Newton JL. Autonomic dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome: comparing self-report and objective measures. Clin Auton Res. 2019 May 21. doi: 10.1007/s10286-019-00615-x. [Epub ahead of print]  https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10286-019-00615-x (Full article)

Resting-state functional connectivity, cognition, and fatigue in response to cognitive exertion: a novel study in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract:

Emerging evidence suggests that central nervous system dysfunction may underlie the core symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) in adults, such as cognitive disturbance, fatigue and post-exertional malaise. Research into brain dysfunction in the pediatric CFS/ME context, however, is severely lacking. It is unclear whether the adolescent CFS/ME brain functions differently compared with healthy peers, particularly in situations where significant mental effort is required. This study used resting-state functional MRI in a novel repeated-measures design to evaluate intrinsic connectivity, cognitive function, and subjective fatigue, before and after a period of cognitive exertion in 48 adolescents (25 CFS/ME, 23 healthy controls).

Results revealed little evidence for a differential effect of cognitive exertion in CFS/ME compared with controls. Both groups demonstrated a similar rate of reduced intrinsic functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN), reduced sustained attentional performance, slower processing speed, and increased subjective fatigue as a result of cognitive exertion.

However, CFS/ME adolescents consistently displayed higher subjective fatigue, and controls outperformed the CFS/ME group overall on cognitive measures of processing speed, sustained attention and new learning. No brain-behavior relationships were observed between DMN connectivity, cognitive function, and fatigue over time.

These findings suggest that effortful cognitive tasks may elicit similar levels of energy expenditure across all individuals in the form of reduced brain functioning and associated fatigue. However, CFS/ME may confer a lower starting threshold from which to access energy reserves and cognitive resources when cognitive effort is required.

Source: Josev EK, Malpas CB, Seal ML, Scheinberg A6, Lubitz L, Rowe K, Knight SJ. Resting-state functional connectivity, cognition, and fatigue in response to cognitive exertion: a novel study in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Imaging Behav. 2019 May 17. doi: 10.1007/s11682-019-00119-2. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31102168

Increased risk of chronic fatigue syndrome following psoriasis: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: The onset of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been shown to be associated with several immunological conditions such as infections or atopy. The aim of this study was to clarify the risk of chronic fatigue syndrome following the diagnosis of psoriasis, an immune-related dermatological disease, by analyzing the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan.

METHOD: 2616 patients aged 20 years or older with newly diagnosed psoriasis during 2004-2008 and 10,464 participants without psoriasis were identified. Both groups were followed up until the diagnoses of CFS were made at the end of 2011.

RESULTS: The relationship between psoriasis and the subsequent risk of CFS was estimated through Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, with the incidence density rates being 2.27 and 3.58 per 1000 person-years among the non-psoriasis and psoriasis populations, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48, with 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-2.06). In the stratified analysis, the psoriasis group were consistently associated with a higher risk of CFS in male sex (HR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.31-3.20) and age group of ≥ 60 years old (HR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.33-4.06). In addition, we discovered that the significantly increased risk of CFS among psoriasis patients is attenuated after they receive phototherapy and/or immunomodulatory drugs.

CONCLUSIONS: The data from this population-based retrospective cohort study revealed that psoriasis is associated with an elevated risk of subsequent CFS, which is differentiated by sex and age.

Source: Tsai SY, Chen HJ, Chen C, Lio CF, Kuo CF, Leong KH, Wang YT, Yang TY, You CH, Wang WS. Increased risk of chronic fatigue syndrome following psoriasis: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Transl Med. 2019 May 14;17(1):154. doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-1888-1. https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-019-1888-1 (Full article)

Cognitive behavioural therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is not effective. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review

Abstract:

Analysis of the 2008 Cochrane review of cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome shows that seven patients with mild chronic fatigue syndrome need to be treated for one to report a small, short-lived subjective improvement of fatigue. This is not matched by an objective improvement of physical fitness or employment and illness benefit status. Most studies in the Cochrane review failed to report on safety or adverse reactions. Patient evidence suggests adverse outcomes in 20 per cent of cases. If a trial of a drug or surgical procedure uncovered a similar high rate, it would be unlikely to be accepted as safe. It is time to downgrade cognitive behavioural therapy to an adjunct support-level therapy, rather than a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome.

Source: Vink M, Vink-Niese A. Cognitive behavioural therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is not effective. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review. Health Psychol Open. 2019 May 2;6(1):2055102919840614. doi: 10.1177/2055102919840614. eCollection 2019 Jan-Jun. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6498783/  (Full article)

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Chronic Fatigue: Three Distinct Entities Requiring Complete Different Approaches

Abstract:

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A recent review implicates that myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic fatigue are part of the “fatigue spectrum” and recommends “longitudinal studies integrating biopsychosocial approaches to inform early management and targeted rehabilitation strategies.”

RECENT FINDINGS: ME is a neuromuscular disease distinguished by muscle fatigability (prolonged muscle weakness after minor exertion) and specific signs of neurological dysfunction. ME is not equivalent to CFS, as proposed by the authors. CFS is defined as unexplained chronic fatigue accompanied by at least four out of a list of eight specific symptoms. CFS is a distinct clinical entity and not merely a severe variant of CF, as suggested. Proof that CF, CFS, and ME are part of a “fatigue continuum” and that CF can convert to CFS at a later stage is lacking. Biopsychosocial approaches for early management and rehabilitation of CF, as promoted by the authors, are at odds with the current understandings of ME, CFS, and CF. The (bio)psychosocial explanatory models for ME and CFS have proven to be invalid, and the associated interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy, have shown to be ineffective and even potentially harmful. ME, CFS, and CF are three very distinct clinical entities. Interventions justified by (bio)psychosocial models appear to be unsuccessful and potentially noxious. To develop effective treatments, it is crucial to make a clear distinction between ME, CFS, and CF and to leave the (bio)psychosocial explanations and therapies behind us.

Source: Twisk FNM. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Chronic Fatigue: Three Distinct Entities Requiring Complete Different Approaches. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2019 May 9;21(6):27. doi: 10.1007/s11926-019-0823-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31073713

Assessment of the scientific rigour of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review

Abstract:

Cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy have been promoted as effective treatments for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. However, criticism on the scientific rigour of these studies has been raised. This review assessed the methodological quality of studies on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy. The methodological quality of the 18 included studies was found to be relatively low, as bias was prominently found, affecting the main outcome measures of the studies (fatigue, physical functioning and functional impairment/status). Future research should focus on including more objective outcome measures in a well-defined patient population.

Source: Ahmed SA, Mewes JC, Vrijhoef H. Assessment of the scientific rigour of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review. J Health Psychol. 2019 May 10:1359105319847261. doi: 10.1177/1359105319847261. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31072121

A possible role for mitochondrial-derived peptides humanin and MOTS-c in patients with Q fever fatigue syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract:

Background: Q fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) is a well-documented state of prolonged fatigue following around 20% of acute Q fever infections. It has been hypothesized that low grade inflammation plays a role in its aetiology. In this study, we aimed to identify transcriptome profiles that could aid to better understand the pathophysiology of QFS.

Methods: RNA of monocytes was collected from QFS patients (n = 10), chronic fatigue syndrome patients (CFS, n = 10), Q fever seropositive controls (n = 10), and healthy controls (n = 10) who were age- (± 5 years) and sex-matched. Transcriptome analysis was performed using RNA sequencing.

Results: Mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP)-coding genes MT-RNR2 (humanin) and MT-RNR1 (MOTS-c) were differentially expressed when comparing QFS (− 4.8 log2-fold-change P = 2.19 × 10−9 and − 4.9 log2-fold-change P = 4.69 × 10−8), CFS (− 5.2 log2-fold-change, P = 3.49 × 10−11 − 4.4 log2-fold-change, P = 2.71 × 10−9), and Q fever seropositive control (− 3.7 log2-fold-change P = 1.78 × 10−6 and − 3.2 log2-fold-change P = 1.12 × 10−5) groups with healthy controls, resulting in a decreased median production of humanin in QFS patients (371 pg/mL; Interquartile range, IQR, 325–384), CFS patients (364 pg/mL; IQR 316–387), and asymptomatic Q fever seropositive controls (354 pg/mL; 292–393).

Conclusions: Expression of MDP-coding genes MT-RNR1 (MOTS-c) and MT-RNR2 (humanin) is decreased in CFS, QFS, and, to a lesser extent, in Q fever seropositive controls, resulting in a decreased production of humanin. These novel peptides might indeed be important in the pathophysiology of both QFS and CFS.

Source: Ruud P. H. Raijmakers, Anne F. M. Jansen, Stephan P. Keijmel, Rob ter Horst, Megan E. Roerink, Boris Novakovic, Leo A. B. Joosten, Jos W. M. van der Meer, Mihai G. Netea and Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers. A possible role for mitochondrial-derived peptides humanin and MOTS-c in patients with Q fever fatigue syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Translational Medicine 2019 17:157  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-019-1906-3  (Full article)

Myalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome following immunization: macrophagic myofasciitis and animal studies support linkage to aluminum adjuvant persistency and diffusion in the immune system

Abstract:

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multifactorial and poorly undersood disabling disease. We present epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence that ME/CFS constitutes a major type of adverse effect of vaccines, especially those containing poorly degradable particulate aluminum adjuvants.

Evidence has emerged very slowly due to the multiplicity, lack of specificity, delayed onset, and frequent medical underestimation of ME/CFS symptoms. It was supported by an epidemiological study comparing vaccinated vs unvaccinated militaries that remained undeployed during Gulf War II.

Affected patients suffer from cognitive dysfunction affecting attention, memory and inter-hemispheric connexions, well correlated to brain perfusion defects and associated with a stereotyped and distinctive pattern of cerebral glucose hypometabolism. Deltoid muscle biopsy performed to investigate myalgia typically yields macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF), a histological biomarker assessing longstanding persistency of aluminum agglomerates within innate immune cells at site of previous immunization. MMF is seemingly linked to altered mineral particle detoxification by the xeno/autophagy machinery.

Comparing toxicology of different forms of aluminum and different types of exposure is misleading and inadequate and small animal experiments have turned old dogma upside down. Instead of being rapidly solubilized in the extracellular space, injected aluminum particles are quickly captured by immune cells and transported to distant organs and the brain where they elicit an inflammatory response and exert selective low dose long-term neurotoxicity. Clinical observations and experiments in sheep, a large animal like humans, confirmed both systemic diffusion and neurotoxic effects of aluminum adjuvants. Post-immunization ME/CFS represents the core manifestation of “autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants” (ASIA).

Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Source: Gherardi RK, Crépeaux G, Authier FJ. Myalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome following immunization: macrophagic myofasciitis and animal studies support linkage to aluminum adjuvant persistency and diffusion in the immune system. Autoimmun Rev. 2019 May 3. pii: S1568-9972(19)30109-0. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.05.006. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31059838

Remembering The Forgotten: How AMMES Combats Isolation And Neglect

May is the month for acknowledging the Millions Missing – the millions of ME/CFS patients who, through the years, have suffered from poor medical care, insufficient research into the cause and mechanisms of the disease, and a paucity of clinical trials to discover effective treatment. May 12, Florence Nightingale’s birthday, is the day we recognize the toll ME/CFS takes on those who have the disease and on their families, who suffer alongside them.

Among the millions missing is a group that is often overlooked. These are the people for whom isolation does not simply mean the loss of friends and the inability to attend weddings, family gatherings, and social events. Isolation, for this group, means rejection, not just by society at large, but by the people closest to them. It means neglect on a scale that is incomprehensible to patients who have loving parents, siblings, and partners.

These “missing” people do not participate in advocacy actions – on any level. They are not to be found on forums, or social media. Their lives are lived silently, unseen by the ME/CFS community at large. These are the impoverished ill, people who have been abandoned by friends and family. Nobody will put their photos on a billboard, or write a news article about them, because these severely ill patients have not one living soul to defend them.

In May, the ME/CFS community remembers patients who have been neglected by the medical establishment as well as the government agencies responsible for their care. This month, the American ME and CFS Society (AMMES) remembers the patients who have been forgotten by everyone.

“Get me out of here!”

The first patient who came to AMMES for help was a black woman in her early thirties. She was pregnant at the time and needed help paying her security deposit. The AMMES financial crisis fund paid her landlord for the deposit and covered an outstanding water bill as well. Not too long afterwards, we received a frantic phone call from her: “Please, get me out of here!”

Our client had been the victim of abuse by a former boyfriend. In spite of a restraining order, her ex had broken into her house and assaulted her. She called her social worker, who phoned the police. When the police arrived they did not take a statement and, in spite of visible bruises on her face, they handcuffed our client and threw her into the back of a police car. They took her to a hospital, where she was placed in a psych ward and given antipsychotics. When I asked our client how it transpired that the police had taken her to a psych ward, she said it was at the request of her social worker. Our client had been diagnosed with CFS. She had no psychiatric diagnoses, and had never been evaluated by a psychiatrist.

Once we discovered what had happened, AMMES immediately wrote a letter to the hospital explaining that our client’s diagnosis was for a neuroimmune disease that had been well established as a physiological, not psychological, illness. We sent copies of the letter to her caregiver, who in turn gave them to the court, as well as to a team of social workers now on her case. A few days later our client was released.

This severely ill woman is black, poor, and female, and she had a diagnosis of CFS, which nobody in her circle of doctors and social workers understood. As a consequence, the full weight of societal prejudice fell on her. She is one of the forgotten.

 

“My family thinks I am making it up”

With the exception of the first applicant to the AMMES financial crisis fund, who had children, all of our applicants have lived alone. This does not necessarily mean that they do not have living parents or siblings. All of them have had at least some living family members, but their families have rejected them.

Those who have loving relatives find it hard to imagine how families can reject someone who is sick. Yet they do, mostly because they do not believe them. In the words of one applicant: “Over the last 11 years I have been treated like a lazy, worthless, liar.” Nobody believed that she was ill.

A number of applicants have reported similar experiences with family members who do not believe they are really sick. Some have had family members who have ostracized them or who – despite having comfortable incomes – refused to help, or even make a loan.

Other applicants have been treated with outright cruelty: “My brother told me to just kill myself, but before he did he told me that our mother’s condo that I am living in should be his not mine. So I really don’t have family that cares, or understands, or is safe for me to seek help from.”

In some cases, a state of homelessness has been caused by family rejection.

“My family, whose therapist said, “no one sleeps that much, unless they are a drug addict,” kicked me out last year. They have always chosen to have “willful ignorance”, so they did not feel any need to help. I don’t know which is worse anymore, the disease itself and how it hurts me or the hatred and selfish disregard for my life from other people.”

The truth is that no matter how much pain the illness causes, there is no pain that compares to being rejected by people who are supposed to love you. When doctors dismiss patients, or social services deny care, it is infuriating, frustrating, and humiliating. But when your own family does not care, or treats you worse than strangers do, it is heartbreaking.

“Your existence gives me hope in the future”

For the past year, AMMES has been stepping up to help severely ill patients with little to no income pay their bills. Most of our resources have gone to pay rent for patients on the verge of homelessness. We have also paid utility bills, medical copays, transportation costs, food expenses, medical bills and other necessities. We have even paid for a bed for one patient who had been sleeping on her couch. But the most valuable commodity we have to offer is love.

To say we love our applicants may sound like a Hallmark card, but when you demonstrate that you care, you are showing love. When you listen to patients who for years have suffered disappointment, rejection, and denial from all of the people surrounding them, you show them love. When you do your best to alleviate the isolation, humiliation, and hopelessness that these patients have had to endure, you show them love.

This May, AMMES would like you to show our clients some love as well. Our funds are depleted, which means we cannot take on new clients who are in danger of eviction. Nor can we take care of the clients we already have. We cannot bear to see our people evicted or going hungry because of lack of money. We can’t turn our backs on them.

AMMES’ May Fundraiser

Please DONATE to our cause! We launched our spring fundraiser on May 1. We need $15,000 to see us through until the fall, but any amount will keep us going.

Our fundraiser is HERE. Please spread the word everywhere you can!

You can also donate directly to AMMES HERE.

Our overhead is very low, so all donations will go directly into the financial crisis fund. AMMES is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, so your donation is tax deductible.

Read more about what we do!

HOMELESS: How AMMES Is Keeping People With ME/CFS In Their Homes

Food, Clothing, And Shelter: Providing The Basics To People With ME/CFS

For my birthday, I would like…

It just so happens that my birthday falls on May 10th ! In addition to a pony, I would very much like to have some board members join AMMES. (A social worker would be almost as nice as a pony.) I am looking for people who are healthy, but who have a family member or friend with ME/CFS. You can find out more about Board positions HERE.

There is nothing more satisfying than the work we do! Join us!

Continue reading “Remembering The Forgotten: How AMMES Combats Isolation And Neglect”

Advances in ME/CFS: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract:

The forerunner of what is today termed myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) was described by the U.S. Public Health Service in 1934. At the present time, we still do not know its cause and/or how to detect it by routine clinical laboratory tests. In consequence, the pathological nature of ME/CFS has been overlooked and the disease has been stigmatized by being mislabeled as psychosomatic or somatoform illness. Such misperceptions of the disease have led to insufficient research exploration of the disease and minimal to absent patient care.

A 2015 Institute of Medicine report on the illness declared ME/CFS a disease affecting up to 2.5 million Americans and chastised the U.S. government for doing little to research the disease and to support its patients. Clinicians who currently treat this disease declare it to be more devastating than HIV/AIDS. A comparison of the histories of the two diseases, an examination of the current status of the two diseases, and a listing of the accomplishments that would be needed for ME/CFS to achieve the same level of treatment and care as currently experienced by patients with HIV/AIDS is provided.

Source: Friedman KJ. Advances in ME/CFS: Past, Present, and Future. Front Pediatr. 2019 Apr 18;7:131. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00131. eCollection 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6482157/ (Full article)