Tag: women

Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease

Abstract:

Brain fog with compromised ability to concentrate has been the most frequent Long Covid (LC) complaint. This is due to an increased TGF beta/IFN gamma with consequently increased bradykinin (BKN), especially in Caucasian females. Brain and lung blood vessels “leak.” This same ratio is increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but decreased in Parkinson’s disease (PD), because CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are differentially affected by the invading associated viruses, e.g., SARS CoV2, HIV, ….

In Covid-19 CD147 receptors on immune cells are critical in generating the increased TGF beta/IFN gamma and those on endothelial cells, platelets, and erythrocytes are critical to the abnormal microvascular blood flow. ACE2 receptors on pneumocytes and enterocytes enable pulmonary and GI entry, initiating gut dysbiosis.

Epigenetics, methylation, magnesium, vitamin D, the B vitamins, and antioxidants suggest that these issues can be surmounted. Biochemical, physiologic, and epidemiologic data are analyzed to answer these questions. An LC model is presented and discussed in the context of the most recent research. Suggestions to avoid these and other worrisome concerns are included. Other topics discussed include estrogen, the gut microbiome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and homocysteine.

Source: Chambers, P. Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease. Preprints 2023, 2023020027 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202302.0027.v1) https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202302.0027/v1 (Full text available as PDF file)

 

Stress-Induced Transcriptomic Changes in Females with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Reveal Disrupted Immune Signatures

Abstract:

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic, complex multi-organ illness characterized by unexplained debilitating fatigue and post-exertional malaise (PEM), which is defined as a worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion. Our study aimed to evaluate transcriptomic changes in ME/CFS female patients undergoing an exercise challenge intended to precipitate PEM.
Our time points (baseline before exercise challenge, the point of maximal exertion, and after an exercise challenge) allowed for the exploration of the transcriptomic response to exercise and recovery in female patients with ME/CFS, as compared to healthy controls (HCs). Under maximal exertion, ME/CFS patients did not show significant changes in gene expression, while HCs demonstrated altered functional gene networks related to signaling and integral functions of their immune cells.
During the recovery period (commonly during onset of PEM), female ME/CFS patients showed dysregulated immune signaling pathways and dysfunctional cellular responses to stress. The unique functional pathways identified provide a foundation for future research efforts into the disease, as well as for potential targeted treatment options.
Source: Van Booven DJ, Gamer J, Joseph A, Perez M, Zarnowski O, Pandya M, Collado F, Klimas N, Oltra E, Nathanson L. Stress-Induced Transcriptomic Changes in Females with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Reveal Disrupted Immune Signatures. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032698 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2698 (Full text)

Epidemiology, symptomatology, and risk factors for long COVID symptoms: Multi-centre study

Abstract:

Background: Long COVID induces a substantial global burden of disease. The pathogenesis, complications, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients in the acute phase have been evaluated, while few studies have characterized the epidemiology, symptomatology and risk factors of long COVID symptoms. Its characteristics among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the general population remain unaddressed.

Objective: We examined the prevalence of long COVID symptoms, its symptom patterns, and its risk factors. we aimed to fill the knowledge gaps by evaluating the prevalence of long COVID symptoms in four major Chinese cities.

Methods: We performed a population-based, multi-centre survey by a representative sampling strategy via the Qualtrics platform in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Hong Kong (June 2022). We included 2,712 community-dwelling, COVID-19 patients, and measured the prevalence of long COVID symptoms defined by the WHO, and their risk factors. The primary outcomes were the symptoms of long COVID with various levels of impact. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the prevalence and distribution of the long COVID symptoms according to disease severity. A sensitivity analysis of increasing the number of long COVID symptoms was also conducted. A univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine the risk factors of severe long COVID symptoms, including age, gender, marital status, current occupation, educational level, living status, smoking habits, monthly household income, self-perceived health status, presence of chronic diseases, use of chronic medication, COVID-19 vaccination status, and severity of COVID-19.

Results: The response rate was 63.6%. The prevalence of long COVID, moderate or severe long COVID, and severe long COVID was 90.4%, 62.4%, and 31.0%, respectively. Fatigue (33.7%), cough (31.9%), sore throat (31.0%), difficulty in concentration (30.5%), feeling of anxiety (30.2%), myalgia (29.9%), and arthralgia (29.9%) were the most common severe long COVID symptoms. From multivariate regression analysis, female gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.49, 95% C.I.=1.13-1.95), engagement in transportation, logistics, or discipline workforce (aOR=2.52, 95% C.I.=1.58-4.03), living with domestic workers (aOR=2.37, 95% C.I.=1.39-4.03), smoking (aOR=1.55, 95% C.I.=1.17-2.05), poor self-perceived health status (aOR 5.06 to 15.38), chronic diseases (aOR 1.92 to 2.71), chronic medication use (aOR=4.38, 95% C.I.=1.66-11.53), and critical severity of COVID-19 (aOR=1.52, 95% C.I.=1.07-2.15) were associated with severe long COVID. Prior vaccination for ≥2 doses of COVID-19 was a protective factor (aOR=0.35-0.22, 95% C.I.=0.08-0.90).

Conclusions: We have examined the prevalence of long COVID symptoms in four Chinese cities according to the severity of COVID-19. We also evaluated the pattern of long COVID symptoms, and their risk factors. These findings may inform early identification of COVID-19 patients at risk of long COVID and planning of rehabilitative services.

Source: Wong MC, Huang J, Wong NY, Wong GL, Yip TC, Chan RN, Chau SW, Ng SC, Wing YK, Chan FK. Epidemiology, symptomatology, and risk factors for long COVID symptoms: Multi-centre study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023 Jan 12. doi: 10.2196/42315. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36645453. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36645453/

Long COVID Symptomatology and Associated Factors in Primary Care Patients: The EPICOVID-AP21 Study

Abstract:

Persistent COVID-19 condition includes a wide variety of symptoms and health problems of indeterminate duration. The present study examined the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the population with Long COVID seen in Primary Care using a questionnaire based on the existing scientific literature. It was an observational and descriptive study of the characteristics of the Spanish population with Long COVID over 14 years of age.
The responses were analysed by means of a descriptive analysis of the variables recorded, in addition to a bivariate analysis to determine the existence of a relationship between persistent COVID-19 and variables such as gender, age, vaccination status or concomitant pathology. The results obtained clearly describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the population, highlighting the predominance of female gender and the prevalence of tiredness and fatigue.
Furthermore, relevant information was obtained on the differences in symptomatology according to gender, age, previous pathologies and alterations derived from infection and/or vaccination. These data are important for better detection, diagnosis and treatment of Long COVID and the improvement of the quality of life of this population.
Source: Romero-Rodríguez E, Perula-de-Torres LÁ, González-Lama J, Castro-Jiménez RÁ, Jiménez-García C, Priego-Pérez C, Vélez-Santamaría R, Simón-Vicente L, González-Santos J, González-Bernal JJ. Long COVID Symptomatology and Associated Factors in Primary Care Patients: The EPICOVID-AP21 Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(2):218. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020218 https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/2/218 (Full text)

“I Just Want to Feel Safe Going to a Doctor”: Experiences of Female Patients with Chronic Conditions in Australia

Abstract:

Background: The androcentric history of medicine and medical research has led to an ongoing sex and gender gap in health research and education. Sex and gender gaps in research and education may translate into real-life health inequities for women. This study aimed to explore the experiences of female patients with chronic health conditions in the Australian health system, considering existing sex and gender gaps in medicine.

Methods: This qualitative study used semistructured in-depth interviews with a sample of adult women with chronic conditions in Australia. Thematic analysis was undertaken, guided by Braun and Clarke. Software NVivoX64 assisted in the management of the data. Coding was performed before grouping into subthemes and central themes. To allow for potential researcher biases, the principal researcher engaged in the practice of reflexivity, including the writing of detailed notes during analysis.

Results: Twenty adult Australian women with chronic conditions were interviewed. Diagnoses were varied and included Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, functional neurological disorder, and inflammatory bowel disease. Four central themes emerged: diagnostic difficulties; spectrum of health care experiences; understanding medical complexity; and coping with symptoms.

Conclusions: Women with chronic conditions in Australia report pain, fatigue, and suffering that significantly impacts upon their daily lives. There was a shared experience of feeling that the pain and suffering of women was dismissed or not taken seriously. Many women expressed trauma because of their experiences in health care and often this led to a fear of accessing health services. The participants highlighted a need for more knowledge, understanding, and empathy from health care practitioners.

Source: Merone L, Tsey K, Russell D, Nagle C. “I Just Want to Feel Safe Going to a Doctor”: Experiences of Female Patients with Chronic Conditions in Australia. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle). 2022 Dec 22;3(1):1016-1028. doi: 10.1089/whr.2022.0052. PMID: 36636320; PMCID: PMC9811844. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9811844/ (Full text)

Long COVID: an estrogen-associated autoimmune disease?

Introduction:

Some people who have had severe to a moderate or mild form of COVID-19 disease may suffer from variable and debilitating symptoms for many months after the initial infection. This condition is commonly called “Long COVID”. An exact definition is missing, but symptoms with a duration of more than 2 months are typically considered as Long COVID. The condition is characterized by long-term sequelae and can involve a range of symptoms such as persistent fatigue, headache, shortness of breath, anosmia, muscle weakness, fever, cognitive dysfunction (brain fog), tachycardia, intestinal disorders, and skin manifestations. Long COVID syndrome bears a similarity to the post-infectious syndromes that followed the outbreaks of chikungunya and Ebola.

In general, women appear to be twice as likely to develop Long COVID as men, but only until around age 60, when the risk level becomes similar. In addition to being a woman, older age and a higher body mass index also seem to be risk factors for having Long COVID.

Source: Ortona E, Buonsenso D, Carfi A, Malorni W; Long Covid Kids study group. Long COVID: an estrogen-associated autoimmune disease? Cell Death Discov. 2021 Apr 13;7(1):77. doi: 10.1038/s41420-021-00464-6. PMID: 33850105; PMCID: PMC8042352.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8042352/ (Full text)

Cognitive impairments among patients in a long-COVID clinic: Prevalence, pattern and relation to illness severity, work function and quality of life

Abstract:

Background: A considerable proportion of people experience lingering symptoms after Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, pattern and functional implications of cognitive impairments in patients at a long-COVID clinic who were referred after hospitalisation with COVID-19 or by their general practitioner.

Methods: Patients underwent cognitive screening and completed questionnaires regarding subjective cognition, work function and quality of life. Patients’ cognitive performance was compared with that of 150 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HC) and with their individually expected performance calculated based on their age, sex and education.

Results: In total, 194 patients were assessed, on average 7 months (standard deviation: 4) after acute COVID-19.44-53 % of the patients displayed clinically relevant cognitive impairments compared to HC and to their expected performance, respectively. Moderate to large impairments were seen in global cognition and in working memory and executive function, while mild to moderate impairments occurred in verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory. Hospitalised (n = 91) and non-hospitalised (n = 103) patients showed similar degree of cognitive impairments in analyses adjusted for age and time since illness. Patients in the cognitively impaired group were older, more often hospitalised, had a higher BMI and more frequent asthma, and were more often female. More objective cognitive impairment was associated with more subjective cognitive difficulties, poorer work function and lower quality of life.

Limitations: The study was cross-sectional, which precludes causality inferences.

Conclusions: These findings underscore the need to assess and treat cognitive impairments in patients at long-COVID clinics.

Source: Miskowiak KW, Pedersen JK, Gunnarsson DV, Roikjer TK, Podlekareva D, Hansen H, Dall CH, Johnsen S. Cognitive impairments among patients in a long-COVID clinic: Prevalence, pattern and relation to illness severity, work function and quality of life. J Affect Disord. 2022 Dec 28;324:162-169. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.122. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36586593; PMCID: PMC9795797. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9795797/ (Full text)

Deep Dive into the Long Haul: Analysis of Symptom Clusters and Risk Factors for Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 to Inform Clinical Care

Abstract:

Long COVID is a chronic condition characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive impairment that persist or relapse months after an acute infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Many distinct symptoms have been attributed to Long COVID; however, little is known about the potential clustering of these symptoms and risk factors that may predispose patients to certain clusters. In this study, an electronic survey was sent to patients in the UC San Diego Health (UCSDH) system who tested positive for COVID-19, querying if patients were experiencing symptoms consistent with Long COVID.

Based on survey results, along with patient demographics reported in the electronic health record (EHR), linear and logistic regression models were used to examine putative risk factors, and exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine symptom clusters. Among 999 survey respondents, increased odds of Long COVID (n = 421; 42%) and greater Long COVID symptom burden were associated with female sex (OR = 1.73, 99% CI: 1.16-2.58; β = 0.48, 0.22-0.75), COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 4.51, 2.50-8.43; β = 0.48, 0.17-0.78), and poorer pre-COVID self-rated health (OR = 0.75, 0.57-0.97; β = -0.19, -0.32–0.07).

Over one-fifth of Long COVID patients screened positive for depression and/or anxiety, the latter of which was associated with younger age (OR = 0.96, 0.94-0.99). Factor analysis of 16 self-reported symptoms suggested five symptom clusters-gastrointestinal (GI), musculoskeletal (MSK), neurocognitive (NC), airway (AW), and cardiopulmonary (CP), with older age (β = 0.21, 0.11-0.30) and mixed race (β = 0.27, 0.04-0.51) being associated with greater MSK symptom burden. Greater NC symptom burden was associated with increased odds of depression (OR = 5.86, 2.71-13.8) and anxiety (OR = 2.83, 1.36-6.14).

These results can inform clinicians in identifying patients at increased risk for Long COVID-related medical issues, particularly neurocognitive symptoms and symptom clusters, as well as informing health systems to manage operational expectations on a population-health level.

Source: Goldhaber NH, Kohn JN, Ogan WS, Sitapati A, Longhurst CA, Wang A, Lee S, Hong S, Horton LE. Deep Dive into the Long Haul: Analysis of Symptom Clusters and Risk Factors for Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 to Inform Clinical Care. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 15;19(24):16841. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416841. PMID: 36554723; PMCID: PMC9778884. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9778884/ (Full text)

Post-Viral Fatigue Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Comparative Study

Abstract:

Studies reported post-COVID-19 fatigue in the general population, but not among pregnant women. Our objectives were to determine prevalence, duration, and risk factors of post-viral fatigue among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2.

This study involved 588 pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy or delivery in Brazil. Three groups were investigated: G1 (n = 259, symptomatic infection during pregnancy); G2 (n = 131, positive serology at delivery); G3 (n = 198, negative serology at delivery). We applied questionnaires investigating fatigue at determined timepoints after infection for G1, and after delivery for all groups; fatigue prevalence was then determined.

Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI of the risk of remaining with fatigue in G1. Overall fatigue prevalence in G1 at six weeks, three months and six months were 40.6%, 33.6%, and 27.8%, respectively. Cumulative risk of remaining with fatigue increased over time, with HR of 1.69 (95% CI: 0.89-3.20) and 2.43 (95% CI: 1.49-3.95) for women with moderate and severe symptoms, respectively.

Multivariate analysis showed cough and myalgia as independent risk factors in G1. Fatigue prevalence was significantly higher in G1 compared to G2 and G3. Post-viral fatigue prevalence is higher in women infected during pregnancy; fatigue’s risk and duration increased with the severity of infection.

Source: Oliveira AMDSS, Carvalho MA, Nacul L, Cabar FR, Fabri AW, Peres SV, Zaccara TA, O’Boyle S, Alexander N, Takiuti NH, Mayaud P, Brizot ML, Francisco RPV. Post-Viral Fatigue Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Comparative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 26;19(23):15735. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315735. PMID: 36497810; PMCID: PMC9737157. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9737157/ (Full text)

Impaired pulmonary and muscle function during moderate exercise in female patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2

Abstract:

This study aimed to assess pulmonary and muscle dysfunction by analyzing the slow component of oxygen uptake (VO2SC), and mechanical and ventilatory efficiency in adult women recovered from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type II (SARS-CoV-2) during a constant load test. 32 women (N = 17 patients with SARS-CoV-2; N = 15 control group) performed two cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX) on a cycle ergometer.

In the first test, the participants performed incremental CPX until extenuation. In the second test the participants performed a 10-min CPX at a constant load intensity (watts) corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold. There was a 48-72 h rest period between the two tests. There was a significant increase in the VO2SC in the patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 (160.4 ± 60 mL min-1) in comparison with the healthy participants (59.6 ± 65 mL min-1) (P < 0.001).

Mechanical efficiency significantly decreased in patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 compared to the control group (P = 0.04). Ventilatory inefficiency significantly increased in the patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Adult women recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection have important pulmonary and muscular dysfunction and fatigue which contributes to increasing the VO2SC and reducing mechanical and ventilatory efficiency during mild-moderate exercise at a constant load.

Source: Pleguezuelos E, Del Carmen A, Moreno E, Ortega P, Robles A, Serra-Prat M, Miravitlles M, Yebenes JC, Garnacho-Castaño MV. Impaired pulmonary and muscle function during moderate exercise in female patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 4;12(1):20943. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24941-9. PMID: 36464697.  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-24941-9 (Full text)