Tag: vaccines

Heterologous immunity: immunopathology, autoimmunity and protection during viral infections

There is a strong association between infection-related cell-mediated immunity and autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and lupus erythematosis (SLE)1. Infections have also been associated with unusual immunopathologies of unknown origin, such as Wegner granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, colitis, panniculitis, bronchiolitis obliterans and even chronic fatigue syndrome. Despite exhaustive efforts, a definitive link between one particular pathogen and any of one these pathologies has never been found. More often several pathogens have become associated with each of these conditions. For instance multiple sclerosis has been associated with Epstein Barr virus (EBV), measles virus, HHV-6, varicella-zoster virus, and Picornaviruses2-6. Panniculitis in the form of erythema nodosum and bronchiolitis obliterans have both been associated with unusual cell-mediated immune responses that occur following non-specified viral or intracellular bacterial infections 7-9. Erythema nodosum, which has also been associated with Crohn’s disease8, is a very painful condition, where nodules of inflamed subcutaneous fat often on the shins and forearms persist for months. There is no known therapy. Bronchiolitis obliterans is a lethal condition in humans where the bronchioles become occluded with immune cells and fibrinous material, with no known cause or treatment9.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is another unusual multisystem disease which is thought to be associated with immune dysregulation. Over the past two decades millions of patients world wide have suffered from a clinical syndrome of disabling fatigue, myalgias, palpitations and cognitive dysfunction that lasts longer than 6 months. In 50% of cases it develops after a mild viral illness. Cases may appear sporadically or in clusters10,11. Many attempts have been made to define the syndrome on the basis of an etiologic agent. These agents have included Epstein-Barr virus10, Brucella12, Candida albicans13, Borrelia burgdorferi, and human herpesvirus-614,15. More recently it has been associated with enteroviruses and xenoretroviruses 16-18. The general conclusion has been that it is unlikely that the syndrome is caused by a single etiologic agent. The mechanisms mediating CFS are poorly understood, and there are few well designed studies examining its cause. The symptoms of CFS are similar to those experienced during viral infections such as infectious mononucleosis or influenza or in the setting of therapy with cytokines such as interferon or interleukin-2. It has been speculated that some or all the symptoms are reflective of an altered immune response to some pathogen with over production of one or more cytokines. An alternative hypothesis suggests that a number of infectious agents are involved and result in a regulatory imbalance of cytokines and the patient with CFS is unable to reestablish the appropriate balance of cytokines. These theories have been supported by reports of immune deficiency seen associated with CFS19.

 

Source: Selin LK, Wlodarczyk MF, Kraft AR, Nie S, Kenney LL, Puzone R, Celada F. Heterologous immunity: immunopathology, autoimmunity and protection during viral infections. Autoimmunity. 2011 Jun;44(4):328-47. doi: 10.3109/08916934.2011.523277. Epub 2011 Jan 20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633594/ (Full article)

 

Of Mice and Men: On the Origin of XMRV

Abstract:

The novel human retrovirus xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is arguably the most controversial virus of this moment. After its original discovery in prostate cancer tissue from North American patients, it was subsequently detected in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome from the same continent. However, most other research groups, mainly from Europe, reported negative results.

The positive results could possibly be attributed to contamination with mouse products in a number of cases, as XMRV is nearly identical in nucleotide sequence to endogenous retroviruses in the mouse genome. But the detection of integrated XMRV proviruses in prostate cancer tissue proves it to be a genuine virus that replicates in human cells, leaving the question: how did XMRV enter the human population?

We will discuss two possible routes: either via direct virus transmission from mouse to human, as repeatedly seen for, e.g., Hantaviruses, or via the use of mouse-related products by humans, including vaccines. We hypothesize that mouse cells or human cell lines used for vaccine production could have been contaminated with a replicating variant of the XMRV precursors encoded by the mouse genome.

 

Source: van der Kuyl AC, Cornelissen M, Berkhout B. Of Mice and Men: On the Origin of XMRV. Front Microbiol. 2011 Jan 17;1:147. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2010.00147. ECollection 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109487/ (Full article)

 

A role for the body burden of aluminium in vaccine-associated macrophagic myofasciitis and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Abstract:

Macrophagic myofasciitis and chronic fatigue syndrome are severely disabling conditions which may be caused by adverse reactions to aluminium-containing adjuvants in vaccines. While a little is known of disease aetiology both conditions are characterised by an aberrant immune response, have a number of prominent symptoms in common and are coincident in many individuals. Herein, we have described a case of vaccine-associated chronic fatigue syndrome and macrophagic myofasciitis in an individual demonstrating aluminium overload. This is the first report linking the latter with either of these two conditions and the possibility is considered that the coincident aluminium overload contributed significantly to the severity of these conditions in this individual. This case has highlighted potential dangers associated with aluminium-containing adjuvants and we have elucidated a possible mechanism whereby vaccination involving aluminium-containing adjuvants could trigger the cascade of immunological events which are associated with autoimmune conditions including chronic fatigue syndrome and macrophagic myofasciitis.

 

Source: Exley C, Swarbrick L, Gherardi RK, Authier FJ. A role for the body burden of aluminium in vaccine-associated macrophagic myofasciitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Feb;72(2):135-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.040. Epub 2008 Nov 11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004564

 

Vaccination as teenagers against meningococcal disease and the risk of the chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract:

The etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is unknown. In Norway, a vaccine against Neisseria meningitides group B was administered to teenagers in 1988–1989 in a protection trial. In order to estimate the relative risk of CFS/ME according to vaccine history, we conducted a case-control study in 2007, with 201 cases diagnosed at one of two hospitals and 389 controls. The adjusted odds ratio for CFS/ME was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.67-1.66) for subjects who received the active vaccine contrasted to subjects who did not. Using this design, no statistically significant association between vaccination against meningococcal disease in teenagers and occurrence of CFS/ME could be observed.

 

Source: Magnus P, Brubakk O, Nyland H, Wold BH, Gjessing HK, Brandt I, Eidem T, Nøkleby H, Stene-Larsen G. Vaccination as teenagers against meningococcal disease and the risk of the chronic fatigue syndrome. Vaccine. 2009 Jan 1;27(1):23-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.043. Epub 2008 Nov 5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18984023

 

Chronic fatigue syndrome with autoantibodies–the result of an augmented adjuvant effect of hepatitis-B vaccine and silicone implant

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) that defines by prolonged fatigue and other manifestations, was recently integrated into a spectrum of central sensitivity syndromes including several diseases as fibromylagia. CFS etiology is multi-factorial commonly triggered by infectious agents. Vaccines, induce an immune response similarly to infections, and may trigger just like infections autoimmune diseases, CFS and fibromyalgia. Furthermore vaccines contain an adjuvant which enhances their immune stimulation.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old woman was diagnosed with CFS accompanied by fibromyalgia, demyelination and autoantibodies. Her illness begun following the 2nd dose of hepatitis-B vaccine, and was aggravated by the 3rd vaccination. She underwent silicone breast implantation 6 years before vaccination with no adverse events. However, between the 2nd and 3rd vaccination she suffered a breast injury with local inflammation. Upon explanation of her breast implants silicone leak was observed.

DISCUSSION: Vaccines have been reported to precede CFS mainly following exposure to multiple vaccinations (e.g. the Gulf war syndrome), or as an adverse response to the vaccine adjuvant (e.g. the macrophagic myofasciitis syndrome). Silicone is considered an adjuvant to the immune system, and may induce “the adjuvant disease”. Silicone implant, especially silicone leak relationship with autoimmunity and CFS has been the focus of considerable debates.

CONCLUSION: Our patient illness started following hepatitis-B vaccine, suggesting that it was caused or accelerated by vaccination. In parallel to vaccination our patient suffered from breast injury, which might represent the time of silicone leak. The exposure to the adjuvant, silicone, might have augmented her immune response to the vaccine. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of combined adverse effect to vaccine and silicone. Vaccine safety in individuals with silicone implants requires further studies.

 

Source: Nancy AL, Shoenfeld Y. Chronic fatigue syndrome with autoantibodies–the result of an augmented adjuvant effect of hepatitis-B vaccine and silicone implant. Autoimmun Rev. 2008 Oct;8(1):52-5. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.026. Epub 2008 Aug 24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18725327

 

Infection and vaccination in chronic fatigue syndrome: myth or reality?

Abstract:

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by severe disabling fatigue lasting for more than 6 months associated with physical and mental disturbances such as headache, arthralgia, myalgia, memory impairment, sore throat and tender lymph nodes. The exact pathogenesis is still unknown. Several models were proposed to explain its etiology including chronic infection, endocrine dysfunction, autonomic imbalance, depression, decreased immunity states and an aberrant reaction to infection. No convincing evidence was found to support any of the suggested pathogenic mechanisms.

The current concept is that CFS pathogenesis is a multi factorial condition in which an infective agent cause an aberrant immune response characterized by a shift to Th-2 dominant response. When the response fails to be switched-off, a chronic immune activation occurs and clinically expressed as the symptomatology of CFS. Vaccinations are used in order to stimulate the immune system to induce a persistent immunity against the favorable antigens.

Several syndromes that contain chronic fatigue as one of their symptoms, such as “Gulf war syndrome” and macrophagic myofasciitis were related to vaccinations. Can vaccinations induce the aberrant immune response of CFS? Little is known about this issue. There are some reports on CFS occurring after vaccination, but few prospective and retrospective studies failed to find such an association. A working group of the Canadian Laboratory Center for Disease Control (LCDC) that was founded in order to examine the suspected association between CFS and vaccinations concluded that there is no evidence that relates CFS to vaccination.

Further studies are requested to examine this issue since it is very conceivable that if infection can lead to CFS, vaccination may also lead to it in the same immune-mediated pathogenesis.

 

Source: Appel S, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y. Infection and vaccination in chronic fatigue syndrome: myth or reality? Autoimmunity. 2007 Feb;40(1):48-53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364497

 

Immune modulation with a staphylococcal preparation in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome: relation between antibody levels and clinical improvement

Abstract:

The aims of this study were to evaluate the serological response to treatment with staphylococcal vaccine in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome patients and to explore the relationship between serological response and clinical effect.

Twenty-eight patients, half of whom served as controls, were recruited from a 6-month randomised trial in which repeated administration of the staphylococcal toxoid vaccine Staphypan Berna (Berna Biotech, Switzerland) was tested against placebo. Antibody status against extracellular toxins/enzymes, cell-wall components, and enterotoxins was evaluated at baseline and at endpoint. The clinical response to treatment was recorded in rating scales.

In the group receiving active treatment, significant serological changes were recorded, whereas no significant changes were found in controls. Treatment led to a significantly increased capacity of serum to neutralise alpha-toxin and a significant increase in serum IgG to alpha-toxin and lipase. Furthermore, the increase in these parameters combined paralleled the improvement in clinical outcome. Thus, the greater the serological response, the greater was the clinical effect.

In conclusion, this explorative study has shown that repeated administration of the Staphypan Berna vaccine in patients with fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome causes a serological response to several staphylococcal antigens, particularly to certain extracellular toxins and enzymes. The results further show that this response is related to the clinical outcome of treatment.

 

Source: Zachrisson O, Colque-Navarro P, Gottfries CG, Regland B, Möllby R. Immune modulation with a staphylococcal preparation in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome: relation between antibody levels and clinical improvement. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Feb;23(2):98-105. Epub 2004 Jan 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14735403

 

Influenza vaccination: is it appropriate in chronic fatigue syndrome?

Abstract:

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a recognized clinical illness of unknown cause and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Immunizing patients against influenza would seem to be a prudent strategy since infection has been associated with symptom exacerbation. However, patients with CFS have demonstrated variable abnormalities in the immune system, the clinical significance of which is unclear. Anecdotal information has suggested that, due to the etiologic uncertainty surrounding CFS, many patients reject immunization, fearful of untoward effects. This article attempts to clarify the situation by reviewing immunologic findings in CFS and influenza vaccines in current use. Results from a recent survey of perceptions of patients with CFS regarding immunization revealed that 31% felt immunization was neither safe nor beneficial. This opinion was universal in those patients who had never received influenza vaccine. Among patients who had received vaccine and experienced an adverse effect, 26% felt the vaccine was safe and 28% felt it was beneficial. Among those who had received vaccine without an adverse effect, 45% believed the vaccine was safe, and 55% felt it was effective. CFS patients as a group expressed concern that influenza vaccine would alter an already dysfunctional immune system, or worsen CFS symptoms.

Significantly more patients with CFS who had never received influenza vaccine voiced this opinion than did patients who had received immunization for influenza in the past. Contrary to the opinions expressed by the sample, clinical trials in CFS have yet to find that any type of immunization has produced a deleterious effect on symptoms or functioning. Moreover, patients with CFS in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of influenza immunization produced an antibody titer in the protective range to inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine, although the geometric mean titer was slightly blunted compared with healthy vaccinees.

Although patients with CFS in placebo and active groups reported four times the number of post-injection adverse effects of healthy vaccinees, data re-analysis revealed that this finding was related to the overlap of common, post-influenza immunization symptoms and CFS constitutional symptoms. CFS is a poorly understood illness and some patients may believe in causal theories that lead to the rejection of disease prevention strategies such as immunization. However, influenza immunization appears to provide protective antibody levels without worsening CFS symptoms or causing excessive adverse effects. Efforts to motivate patients with CFS to obtain annual influenza immunization should take into account illness perceptions and concentrate on education based on placebo-controlled trials.

 

Source: Sleigh KM, Marra FH, Stiver HG. Influenza vaccination: is it appropriate in chronic fatigue syndrome? Am J Respir Med. 2002;1(1):3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14720070

 

Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome

Abstract:

Macrophagic myofasciitis is a condition first reported in 1998, which cause remained obscure until 2001. Over 200 definite cases have been identified in France, and isolated cases have been recorded in other countries. The condition manifests by diffuse myalgias and chronic fatigue, forming a syndrome that meets both Center for Disease Control and Oxford criteria for the so-called chronic fatigue syndrome in about half of patients.

One third of patients develop an autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis. Even in the absence of overt autoimmune disease they commonly show subtle signs of chronic immune stimulation, and most of them are of the HLADRB1*01 group, a phenotype at risk to develop polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis.

Macrophagic myofasciitis is characterized by a stereotyped and immunologically active lesion at deltoid muscle biopsy. Electron microscopy, microanalytical studies, experimental procedures, and an epidemiological study recently demonstrated that the lesion is due to persistence for years at site of injection of an aluminum adjuvant used in vaccines against hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, and tetanus toxoid. Aluminum hydroxide is known to potently stimulate the immune system and to shift immune responses towards a Th-2 profile.

It is plausible that persistent systemic immune activation that fails to switch off represents the pathophysiologic basis of chronic fatigue syndrome associated with macrophagic myofasciitis, similarly to what happens in patients with post-infectious chronic fatigue and possibly idiopathic chronic fatigue syndrome. Therefore, the WHO recommended an epidemiological survey, currently conducted by the French agency AFSSAPS, aimed at substantiating the possible link between the focal macrophagic myofasciitis lesion (or previous immunization with aluminium-containing vaccines) and systemic symptoms.

Interestingly, special emphasis has been put on Th-2 biased immune responses as a possible explanation of chronic fatigue and associated manifestations known as the Gulf war syndrome. Results concerning macrophagic myofasciitis may well open new avenues for etiologic investigation of this syndrome. Indeed, both type and structure of symptoms are strikingly similar in Gulf war veterans and patients with macrophagic myofasciitis. Multiple vaccinations performed over a short period of time in the Persian gulf area have been recognized as the main risk factor for Gulf War syndrome.

Moreover, the war vaccine against anthrax, which is administered in a 6-shot regimen and seems to be crucially involved, is adjuvanted by aluminium hydroxide and, possibly, squalene, another Th-2 adjuvant. If safety concerns about long-term effects of aluminium hydroxide are confirmed it will become mandatory to propose novel and alternative vaccine adjuvants to rescue vaccine-based strategies and the enormous benefit for public health they provide worldwide.

 

Source: Gherardi RK. Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2003 Feb;159(2):162-4. [Article in French] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12660567

 

Chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis

Macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF), a condition first reported in France in 1998, is defined by the presence of a stereotyped and immunologically active lesion at deltoid muscle biopsy . It was recently demonstrated that this lesion is an indicator of long-term persistence of the immunologic adjuvant aluminum hydroxide within the cytoplasm of macrophages at the site of previous intramuscular (IM) injection. MMF is typically detected in patients with diffuse arthromyalgias that have appeared subsequent to aluminum hydroxide administration in the absence of a clearly defined anatomic substratum. Patients also report unexplained chronic fatigue. These manifestations are reminiscent of the so-called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), a poorly understood condition manifesting as disabling fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbance, impaired concentration, and headaches. The present study was conducted to determine the proportion of MMF patients fulfilling international criteria for CFS.

You can read the rest of this article here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.10740/full

 

Source: Authier FJ, Sauvat S, Champey J, Drogou I, Coquet M, Gherardi RK. Chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Feb;48(2):569-70. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.10740/full (Full article)