Category: Management

A relational analysis of an invisible illness: A meta-ethnography of people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and their support needs

Abstract:

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is indicated by prolonged, medically unexplained fatigue (amongst other symptoms), not alleviated by rest, and causing substantial disability. There are limited treatments on offer, which may not be effective and/or acceptable for all people, and treatment views are polarised. We, thus, aimed to take a step back from this debate, to explore more broadly preferences for formal and informal support among people with CFS/ME. We used a meta-ethnography approach to examine the substantial qualitative literature available. Using the process outlined by Noblit and Hare, and guided by patient involvement throughout, 47 studies were analysed.

Our synthesis suggested that to understand people with CFS/ME (such as their invisibility, loss of self, and fraught clinical encounters), it was useful to shift focus to a ‘relational goods’ framework. Emotions and tensions encountered in CFS/ME care and support only emerge via ‘sui generis’ real life interactions, influenced by how social networks and health consultations unfold, as well as structures like disability support. This relational paradigm reveals the hidden forces at work producing the specific problems of CFS/ME, and offers a ‘no blame’ framework going forward.

Source: Pilkington K, Ridge DT, Igwesi-Chidobe CN, Chew-Graham CA, Little P, Babatunde O, Corp N, McDermott C, Cheshire A. A relational analysis of an invisible illness: A meta-ethnography of people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and their support needs. Soc Sci Med. 2020 Sep 16;265:113369. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113369. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33039734. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33039734/

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Evaluation of a Community Based Management Programme for Adolescents and their Families

Abstract:

Background: Young people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), families and clinicians may differ in their attributions about CFS and consequently in their approach to treatment. Research that clarifies the best treatment approaches is clearly needed. We have sought to develop a model that engages young people and their families in a collaborative way. The approach adopts an optimistic and holistic stance using an active rehabilitation model paying attention to the integrated nature of the physiological and psychological aspects of the illness.

Method: This small study set out to evaluate this approach from a service user perspective. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with young people and their parents separately in order to elicit their views on key treatment elements and their perceived degree of recovery.

Results: Improvements are indicated in all key areas addressed and qualitative information suggests that families value this approach.

Conclusion: Further research is needed to address treatment issues for families who choose not to opt into the service model.

Source: Ashby B, Wright B, Jordan J. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Evaluation of a Community Based Management Programme for Adolescents and their Families. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2006;11(1):13-18. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00383.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32811062/

Environmental Accommodations for University Students Affected by Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)

Abstract:

Background: Today, 24% of college and university students are affected by a chronic health condition or disability. Existing support programs, including disability services, within colleges and universities are often unaccustomed to addressing the fluctuating and unpredictable changes in health and functioning faced by students with severe chronic illnesses. This situation is especially difficult for students with lesser-known, invisible diseases like myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), a complex disease affecting up to 2.5 million Americans which often begins in late adolescence or young adulthood.

Objective: Educate occupational therapists (OTs) about ME/CFS and steps they can take to assist students

METHODS: This work is based on a review of the scientific literature and our collective professional/ personal experiences.

Results: ME/CFS’ effects on multiple organ systems combined with the unusual symptom of post-exertional malaise frequently and substantially decrease function. Currently, no effective disease-modifying treatments have been established. Nevertheless, OTs can help student maximize their participation in university life by identifying potential obstacles, formulating practical solutions and negotiating with their institutions to implement reasonable, environmental accommodations.

Conclusions: Through understanding this disease, being aware of possible support options, and recommending them as appropriate, OTs are in unique position to greatly improve these students’ lives.

Source: Chu L, Fuentes LR, Marshall OM, Mirin AA. Environmental accommodations for university students affected by myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 16]. Work. 2020;10.3233/WOR-203176. doi:10.3233/WOR-203176 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32568151/

Patients’ Experiences and Effects of Non-Pharmacological Treatment for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – A Scoping Mixed Methods Review

Abstract:

Purpose: The EU COST Action 15111 collaboration on myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) aims to assess current research and identify knowledge gaps in Europe. Presently, our purpose is to map the effects of non-pharmacological therapies (NPTs) for ME/CFS, and what patients find important in the treatment process.

Methods: A scoping mixed methods literature review of European studies identified 16 papers fulfiling our inclusion criteria. The quantitative and qualitative studies were synthesized separately in tables. Additionally, extracts from the qualitative studies were subjected to translational analysis.

Results: Effect studies addressed cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT, n = 4), multimodal rehabilitation (n = 2) and activity-pacing (n = 2). CBT reduced fatigue scores more than usual care or waiting list controls. The effects of rehabilitation and activity-pacing were inconsistent. The contents, assessment methods and effects of rehabilitation and activity pacing studies varied. For patients, health professionals’ recognition of ME/CFS and support were crucial, but they expressed ambiguous experiences of what the NPTs entail.

Conclusions: Methodological differences make comparisons across NPTs impossible, and from a patient perspective the relevance of the specific contents of NPTs are unclear. Future well-designed studies should focus on developing NPTs tailored to patients’ concerns and evaluation tools reflecting what is essential for patients.

Source: Mengshoel AM, Helland IB, Meeus M, Castro-Marrero J, Pheby D, Bolle Strand E. Patients’ experiences and effects of non-pharmacological treatment for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome – a scoping mixed methods review. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2020;15(1):1764830. doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1764830 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32432991/ (Full text)

Heart Rate Thresholds to Limit Activity in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients (Pacing): Comparison of Heart Rate Formulae and Measurements of the Heart Rate at the Lactic Acidosis Threshold during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

Abstract:

Introduction: Based on the hypothesis that oxidative metabolism is impaired in ME/CFS, a previous study recommended a pacing self-management strategy to prevent post-exertional malaise. This strategy involved a prescription to maintain a heart rate below the anaerobic threshold during physical activities. In the absence of lactate sampling or a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), the pacing self-management formula defines 55% of the age-specific predicted maximal heart rate as the heart rate at the anaerobic threshold. Thus far there has been no empiric evidence to test this self-pacing method of predicting heart rate at anaerobic threshold. The aim of this study was to compare published formula-derived heart rates at the anaerobic threshold with the actual heart rate at the lactic acidosis threshold as determined by CPET.

Methods and Results: Adults with ME/CFS who had undergone a symptom-limited CPET were eligible for this study (30 males, 60 females). We analysed males and females separately because of sex-based differences in peak oxygen consumption. From a review paper, formulae to calculate maximal predicted heart rate were used for healthy subjects. We compared the actual heart rate at the lactic acid threshold during CPET to the predicted heart rates determined by formulae. Using Bland-Altman plots, calculated bias: the mean difference between the actual CPET heart rate at the anaerobic threshold and the formula predicted heart rate across several formulae varied between -28 and 19 bpm in male ME/CFS patients. Even in formulae with a clinically acceptable bias, the limits of agreement (mean bias ± 2SD) were unacceptably high for all formulae. For female ME/CFS patients, bias varied between 6 and 23 bpm, but the limits of agreement were also unacceptably high for all formulae.

Conclusion: Formulae generated in an attempt to help those with ME/CFS exercise below the anaerobic threshold do not reliably predict actual heart rates at the lactic acidosis threshold as measured by a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Formulae based on age-dependent predicted peak heart rate multiplied by 55% have a wide age-specific variability and therefore have a limited application in clinical practice.

Source: van Campen, C. , Rowe, P. and Visser, F. (2020) Heart Rate Thresholds to Limit Activity in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients (Pacing): Comparison of Heart Rate Formulae and Measurements of the Heart Rate at the Lactic Acidosis Threshold during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Advances in Physical Education, 10, 138-154. doi: 10.4236/ape.2020.102013. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=100333 (Full text)

Paediatric patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome value understanding and help to move on with their lives

Abstract:

AIM: The aim of this study was to document qualitative questionnaire feedback regarding management from a cohort observational study of young people with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).

METHODS: Between 1991 and 2009, 784 paediatric patients, age 6-18 years, were diagnosed with ME/CFS following referral to a specialised clinic at the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne. Over a 14-year period, feedback was requested on up to seven occasions. Management included the following: symptom management and a self-management lifestyle plan that included social, educational, physical and a pleasurable activity outside of home. They adjusted it by severity of illness, stage of education, family circumstances and life interests.

RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned from 626 (80%) with 44% providing feedback more than once. They reported that their management plan allowed them to regain control over their lives. They cited early diagnosis, empathetic, informed physicians, self-management strategies and educational liaison as helping them to function and remain socially engaged. Ongoing support, particularly assistance to navigate the education system, was essential for general well-being and ability to cope.

CONCLUSION: Young people valued regaining the control over their lives that was lost through illness, support to maintain social contacts and assistance to achieve educational and/or life goals.

© 2019 The Authors. Acta Paediatrica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Foundation Acta Paediatrica.

Source: Rowe K. Paediatric patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome value understanding and help to move on with their lives. Acta Paediatr. 2019 Dec 18. doi: 10.1111/apa.15054. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31854020

Relationship satisfaction, communication self-efficacy, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related fatigue

Abstract:

RATIONALE: Relationship dissatisfaction has been linked with worse health outcomes in many patient populations, though the mechanism(s) underlying this effect are unclear. Among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and their partners, there is evidence for a bi-directional association between poorer relationship satisfaction and the severity of CFS-related fatigue.

OBJECTIVE: Here, we hypothesized that relationship dissatisfaction negatively impacts fatigue severity through greater depression and less patient satisfaction about communication about symptoms to partners.

METHOD: Baseline data were drawn from diagnosed CFS patients (N = 150) participating in a trial testing the efficacy of a stress management intervention. Data derived from fatigue severity (Fatigue Symptom Index, FSI), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression, CES-D), relationship quality (Dyadic Adjustment Scale, DAS) and communication satisfaction (Patient Symptom Disclosure Satisfaction, PSDS) questionnaires were used for bootstrapped indirect effect analyses using parallel mediation structural equation modeling in Mplus (v8). Age and BMI were entered as covariates.

RESULTS: Greater relationship satisfaction predicted greater communication satisfaction (p < 0.01) and lower CES-D scores (p < 0.01), which in turn were each significantly related to greater fatigue severity (p < 0.05). Tests of the indirect paths indicated that relationship satisfaction had a significant effect on fatigue severity through both constructs, but primarily via depression. There was no direct association between relationship satisfaction and fatigue severity after the intermediate variables (depression, communication satisfaction) were included in the model.

CONCLUSION: Results highlight the importance of considering depression and communication-related factors when examining the effects of relationship satisfaction on CFS symptoms such as fatigue. Further mechanism-based, longitudinal research might identify relationship-related mediating variables that can be targeted therapeutically.

Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Source: Milrad SF, Hall DL, Jutagir DR, Lattie EG, Czaja SJ, Perdomo DM, Ironson G, Doss BD, Mendez A, Fletcher MA, Klimas N, Antoni MH. Relationship satisfaction, communication self-efficacy, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related fatigue. Soc Sci Med. 2019 Jul 16;237:112392. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112392. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31377502

VIDEO: Diagnosis and Management of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

This video on the diagnosis and management of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome is part of the Unrest Continuing Education module, made available through the American Medical Women’s Association and Indiana University School of Medicine, and in partnership with #MEAction. US medical providers can visit: https://www.unrest.film/cme to register to watch Unrest online for free and receive Continuing Education credit.

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Unraveling the Molecular Determinants of Manual Therapy: An Approach to Integrative Therapeutics for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

Abstract:

Application of protocols without parameter standardization and appropriate controls has led manual therapy (MT) and other physiotherapy-based approaches to controversial outcomes. Thus, there is an urgency to carefully define standard protocols that elevate physiotherapy treatments to rigorous scientific demands. One way in which this can be achieved is by studying gene expression and physiological changes that associate to particular, parameter-controlled, treatments in animal models, and translating this knowledge to properly designed, objective, quantitatively-monitored clinical trials (CTs).

Here, we propose a molecular physiotherapy approach (MPTA) requiring multidisciplinary teams, to uncover the scientific reasons behind the numerous reports that historically attribute health benefits to MT-treatments. The review focuses on the identification of MT-induced physiological and molecular responses that could be used for the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME).

The systemic effects associated to mechanical-load responses are considered of particular relevance, as they suggest that defined, low-pain anatomic areas can be selected for MT treatment and yet yield overall benefits, an aspect that might result in it being essential to treat FM. Additionally, MT can provide muscle conditioning to sedentary patients without demanding strenuous physical effort, which is particularly detrimental for CFS/ME patients, placing MT as a real option for integrative medicine programs to improve FM and CFS/ME.

Source: Espejo JA, García-Escudero M, Oltra E. Unraveling the Molecular Determinants of Manual Therapy: An Approach to Integrative Therapeutics for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Sep 9;19(9). pii: E2673. doi: 10.3390/ijms19092673. http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/9/2673 (Full article)

‘It’s like being a slave to your own body in a way’: a qualitative study of adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a relatively common disabling illness in adolescents that may limit participation in daily life.

AIM: This study explored interactions between the illness experiences of adolescents with CFS/ME, their occupational lives and expectations for the future.

METHODS: Seven adolescents with CFS/ME were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS: Three themes were developed. ‘Being ruled by an unfamiliar and inexplicable body’, which illustrated that altered and strange bodies seemed to separate and disrupt the participants from their former occupational lives. ‘On the sideline of life with peers’, which demonstrated that the informants spent time at home, doing undemanding activities instead of participating in activities with peers. ‘A coherent connection between present and future life’, which was reflected by how the participants eventually accepted their situation and rebuilt a meaningful occupational life and value of self.

CONCLUSION: CFS/ME made the body unfamiliar and disconnected informants from participating in their usual daily occupations. A coherent interaction between body, occupational life and social self was achieved by taking their new body into account and adjusting their occupations accordingly. This practice enabled the participants to hope for a better future life.

Source: Njølstad BW, Mengshoel AM, Sveen U. ‘It’s like being a slave to your own body in a way’: a qualitative study of adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Occup Ther. 2018 Apr 1:1-10. doi: 10.1080/11038128.2018.1455895. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29607759